Complete Table of Contents
1
Introduction to Chemistry
1.1
Evolution of Chemistry
1.2
Modern Chemistry
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION “Worth
Your Salt?”
1.3
Learning Chemistry
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION A Student
Success Story
Summary
• Key Terms •
Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
Prerequisite Science
Skills
PSS.1 Measurements
PSS.2 Significant Digits
PSS.3 Rounding Off Nonsignificant
Digits
PSS.4 Adding and
Subtracting Measurements
PSS.5 Multiplying and
Dividing Measurements
PSS.6 Exponential
Numbers
PSS.7 Scientific
Notation
2
The Metric System
2.1
Basic Units and Symbols
CRITICAL THINKING The International
System of Measurement (SI)
2.2
Metric Conversion Factors
2.3
Metric—Metric Conversions
2.4
Metric—English Conversions
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION The
Olympics
CRITICAL THINKING World Trade Center
2.5
The Percent Concept
2.6
Volume by Calculation
2.7
Volume by Displacement
2.8
The Density Concept
2.9
Temperature
2.10 The
Heat Concept
Summary
• Problem-Solving Organizer
Key
Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
3
Matter and Energy
3.1
Physical States of Matter
3.2
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
3.3
Names and Symbols of the Elements
CRITICAL THINKING Aluminum or Aluminium?
3.4
Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Elements
104 and Beyond
3.5
Compounds and Chemical Formulas
3.6
Physical and Chemical Properties
3.7
Physical and Chemical Changes
3.8
Conservation of Mass
3.9
Potential and Kinetic Energy
3.10
Conservation of Energy
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Recycling
Aluminum
Summary •
Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
4
Models of the Atom
4.1
Dalton Model of the Atom
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION John
Dalton
4.2
Thomson Model of the Atom
4.3
Rutherford Model of the Atom
4.4
Atomic Notation
4.5
Atomic Mass
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Heavy
Water
4.6
The Wave Nature of Light
4.7
The Quantum Concept
4.8
Bohr Model of the Atom
CRITICAL THINKING Neon
Lights
4.9
Energy Levels and Sublevels
4.10
Electron Configuration
4.11
Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
Summary •
Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
5
The Periodic Table
5.1
Classification of Elements
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Dmitri
Mendeleev
5.2
The Periodic Law Concept
5.3
Groups and Periods of Elements
CRITICAL THINKING IUPAC Group
Numbers
5.4
Periodic Trends
5.5
Properties of Elements
5.6
Blocks of Elements
5.7
Valence Electrons
5.8
Electron Dot Formulas
5.9
Ionization Energy
5.10
Ionic Charges
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Evolution
of Chemical Elements
Summary •
Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
6
Language of Chemistry
6.1
Classification of Compounds
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Antoine
and Marie Lavoisier
6.2
Monoatomic Ions
6.3
Polyatomic Ions
6.4
Writing Chemical Formulas
CRITICAL THINKING Nutritional
Potassium
6.5
Binary Ionic Compounds
6.6
Ternary Ionic Compounds
6.7
Binary Molecular Compounds
6.8
Binary Acids
6.9
Ternary Oxyacids
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION IUPAC
Nomenclature
Summary •
Nomenclature Organizer
Key Terms •
Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
7
Chemical Reactions
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Fireworks
7.1
Evidence for Chemical Reactions
7.2
Writing Chemical Equations
7.3
Balancing Chemical Equations
7.4
Classifying Chemical Reactions
7.5
Combination Reactions
7.6
Decomposition Reactions
7.7
The Activity Series Concept
7.8
Single-Replacement Reactions
7.9
Solubility Rules
7.10
Double-Replacement Reactions
7.11
Neutralization Reactions
CRITICAL THINKING Household
Chemicals
Summary •
Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
8
The Mole Concept
8.1
Avogadro’s Number
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Analogies
for Avogadro’s Number
8.2
Mole Calculations I
8.3
Molar Mass
8.4
Mole Calculations II
8.5
Molar Volume
8.6
Mole Calculations III
8.7
Percent Composition
8.8
Empirical Formula
8.9
Molecular Formula
CRITICAL THINKING Avogadro’s
Number
Summary •
Problem—Solving Organizer
Key Terms •
Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
9
Chemical Equation Calculations
9.1
Interpreting a Chemical Equation
9.2
Mole—Mole Relationships
CRITICAL THINKING Iron versus
Steel
9.3
Types of Stoichiometry Problems
9.4
Mass—Mass Problems
9.5
Mass—Volume Problems
9.6
Volume—Volume Problems
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Manufacturing Ammonia
9.7
Limiting Reactant Concept
9.8
Limiting Reactant Problems
9.9
Percent Yield
Summary •
Problem-Solving Organizer
Key Terms •
Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
10
Gases
10.1
Properties of Gases
10.2
Atmospheric Pressure
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION The
Greenhouse Effect
10.3
Variables Affecting Gas Pressure
10.4
Boyle’s Law: Pressure—Volume Relationships
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Robert
Boyle
10.5
Charles’s Law: Volume—Temperature Relationships
10.6
Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure—Temperature Relationships
10.7
Combined Gas Law
10.8
The Vapor Pressure Concept
10.9
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
10.10 Ideal Gas
Behavior
10.11 Ideal Gas
Law
CRITICAL THINKING Conceptualizing
Gases
Summary •
Problem—Solving Organizer
Key Terms •
Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
11
Liquids and Solids
11.1
Properties of Liquids
11.2
The Intermolecular Bond Concept
11.3
Vapor Pressure, Boiling Point, Viscosity, and Surface Tension
11.4
Properties of Solids
11.5
Crystalline Solids
11.6
Changes of Physical State
11.7
Structure of Water
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Water
Purification
11.8
Physical Properties of Water
11.9
Chemical Properties of Water
11.10
Hydrates
CRITICAL THINKING Bottled
Water
Summary •
Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
12
Chemical Bonding
12.1
The Chemical Bond Concept
12.2
Ionic Bonds
12.3
Covalent Bonds
12.4
Electron Dot Formulas of Molecules
12.5
Electron Dot Formulas of Polyatomic Ions
12.6
Polar Covalent Bonds
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Linus
Pauling
12.7
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
12.8
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
12.9
Hydrogen Bonds
12.10 Shapes of
Molecules
CRITICAL THINKING Diamond versus
Graphite
Summary •
Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
13
Solutions
13.1
Gases in Solution
13.2
Liquids in Solution
13.3
Solids in Solution
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Colloids
13.4
The Dissolving Process
13.5
Rate of Dissolving
13.6
Solubility and Temperature
13.7
Unsaturated, Saturated, and Supersaturated Solutions
13.8
Mass/Mass Percent Concentration
13.9
Molar Concentration
CRITICAL THINKING Water
Fluoridation
13.10 Dilution of
a Solution
13.11 Solution
Stoichiometry
Summary •
Problem—Solving Organizer
Key Terms •
Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
14
Acids and Bases
14.1
Properties of Acids and Bases
14.2
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Svante
Arrhenius
14.3 Brønsted—Lowry Acids and Bases
14.4
Acid—Base Indicators
14.5
Acid—Base Titrations
14.6
Acid—Base Standardization
14.7
Ionization of Water
14.8
The pH Concept
14.9
Advanced pH Calculations
CRITICAL THINKING Acid
Rain
14.10 Strong and
Weak Electrolytes
14.11 Net Ionic
Equations
Summary •
Problem—Solving Organizer
Key Terms •
Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
15
Advanced Problem Solving
15.1
Advanced Problem-Solving Strategies
15.2
Concept Maps — Mole Relationships
15.3
Concept Maps — Stoichiometry
15.4
Multiple-Reaction Stoichiometry
CRITICAL THINKING Nanotechnology
15.5
Advanced Problem-Solving Examples
Summary • Key Terms • Exercises
Online Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
16
Chemical Equilibrium
16.1
Collision Theory
16.2
Energy Profiles of Chemical Reactions
16.3
The Chemical Equilibrium Concept
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION The Ozone
Hole
16.4
General Equilibrium Constant, Keq
16.5
Equilibria Shifts for Gases
16.6
Ionization Equilibrium Constant, Ki
16.7
Equilibria Shifts for Weak Acids and Bases
16.8
Solubility Product Equilibrium Constant, Ksp
16.9
Equilibria Shifts for Slightly Soluble Compounds
Summary • Key Terms •
Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
17
Oxidation and Reduction
17.1
Oxidation Numbers
17.2
Oxidation—Reduction Reactions
17.3
Balancing Redox Equations: Oxidation Number Method
17.4
Balancing Redox Equations: Half-Reaction Method
17.5
Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
17.6
Voltaic Cells
17.7
Electrolytic Cells
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Hybrid
Vehicles
Summary •
Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter
Self-Test
18
Nuclear Chemistry
18.1 Natural
Radioactivity
18.2 Nuclear
Equations
18.3 Radioactive
Decay Series
18.4 Radioactive
Half-Life
18.5 Applications
of Radionuclides
CRITICAL THINKING Nuclear
Medicine
18.6 Induced
Radioactivity
18.7 Nuclear
Fission
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Nuclear
Power Plant
18.8 Nuclear
Fusion
Summary •
Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
19
Organic Chemistry
19.1
Hydrocarbons
19.2
Alkanes
19.3 Alkenes and
Alkynes
19.4 Arenes
19.5 Hydrocarbon
Derivatives
19.6 Organic
Halides
19.7 Alcohols,
Phenols, and Ethers
19.8 Amines
19.9 Aldehydes and
Ketones
19.10 Carboxylic
Acids, Esters, and Amides
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Forensic
Chemistry
Summary •
Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
20
Biochemistry
20.1
Biological Compounds
20.2
Proteins
20.3
Enzymes
20.4
Carbohydrates
20.5
Lipids
CRITICAL THINKING
Vitamins
20.6
Nucleic Acids
CRITICAL THINKING Left- and
Right-Handed Molecules
Summary •
Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
Appendices
A Weights and
Measures
B Physical
Constants
C Activity Series
for Metals
D Solubility Rules
for Ionic Compounds
E Vapor Pressure
of Water
F Properties of
Water
G Answers to
Concept Exercises
H Answers to Key
Term Exercises
I Answers to
Odd-Numbered Exercises
J Answers to
Chapter Self-Tests
Glossary
Photo Credits
Index