ESC 1000L Space
Science Video Notes Name: ____________
Earth Revealed #12: Minerals: The Materials of Earth
Please watch the video in
class. Take notes on the Earth Revealed Disc #12 disk: Minerals Materials of
the Earth. Please circle each of the Chapter 2 vocabulary words discussed in
the video. When the film is finished and
after reading Chapter 2:Minerals Building Blocks of Rocks finished, write
questions with answers that a student should be able to answer if she/he viewed
this video. You should have at least two or more questions for each chapter.
List the most significant discovery you made about Minerals which you did not
know before watch the film.
Play Video: http://www.learner.org/resources/series78.html
Chapter 2:
The following statements summarize and describe many of the key terms and
concepts presented in the chapter.
· A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid possessing a definite chemical structure that gives it a unique set of physical properties. Most rocks are aggregates composed of two or more minerals.
·
The building blocks of minerals are elements.
An atom is the smallest particle of matter that still retains the
characteristics of an element. Each atom has a nucleus containing
protons and neutrons. Orbiting the nucleus of an
atom are electrons. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus
determines its atomic number and the name of the element. Atoms
bond together to form a compound by either gaining, losing, or
sharing electrons with another atom.
·
Isotopes are variants of the same element but with a different mass number
(the total number of neutrons plus protons found in an atom's nucleus). Some
isotopes are unstable and disintegrate naturally through a process called radioactive
decay.
·
The properties of minerals include crystal
form, luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and specific
gravity. In addition, a number of special physical and chemical properties
(taste, smell, elasticity, malleability, feel, magnetism, double
refraction, and chemical reaction to hydrochloric acid) are useful in
identifying certain minerals. Each mineral has a unique set of properties that
can be used for identification.
·
The eight most abundant elements
found in Earth's continental crust (oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium,
sodium, potassium, and magnesium) also make up the majority of minerals.
·
The most common mineral group is the
silicates. All silicate minerals have the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
as their fundamental building block. In some silicate minerals the tetrahedra are joined in chains; in others the tetrahedra are arranged into sheets, or three-dimensional
networks. Each silicate mineral has a structure and a chemical composition that
indicates the conditions under which it was formed.
·
The nonsilicate
mineral groups include the oxides (e.g., magnetite, mined for
iron), sulfides (e.g., sphalerite,
mined for zinc), sulfates (e.g., gypsum, used in plaster and frequently
found in sedimentary rocks), native elements (e.g., graphite, a
dry lubricant), halides (e.g., halite, common salt and frequently
found in sedimentary rocks), and carbonates (e.g., calcite, used
in portland cement and is a major constituent in two
well-known rocks: limestone and marble).
·
The term ore is used to
denote useful metallic minerals, like hematite (mined for iron) and galena
(mined for lead), that can be mined for a profit, as well as some nonmetallic
minerals, such as fluorite and sulfur, that contain useful substances.
Earth Revealed #12: Minerals: The Materials of Earth
(1992)
: Minerals: The Materials of the Earth covers the origins,
classifications and uses of minerals.
Minerals have been
indispensable to human civilization. This program looks at the variety of
minerals, their atomic and crystalline structures, and their physical
properties such as hardness and luster. Petrologists’
methods of sectioning rocks are shown, and gems, precious metals, ore
excavation, and the value of silicates are discussed.
Play Video:
http://www.learner.org/resources/series78.html
Video Notes:
Chapter 2: Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Word
List
|
Atom |
Hardness |
Periodic table |
|
Atomic Number |
Ion
|
Principal shell |
|
Carbonates |
Ionic bond |
Proton |
|
Cleavage |
Isotope |
Quartz |
|
Color |
Luster |
Radioactive decay |
|
Compound |
Mass number |
Reserve |
|
Covalent bond |
Mineral |
Rock |
|
|
Mineralogy |
Rock-forming minerals |
|
Density |
Mineral resource |
Silicate |
|
Electron |
Mohs hardness scale |
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron |
|
Energy levels |
Neutron |
Streak |
|
Element |
Nonsilicates |
Tenacity |
|
Feldspar |
Nucleus |
Translucent |
|
Fracture |
Opaque |
Transparent |
|
Habit |
|
Valence electrons |
Video Notes continued:
Student Questions (with Answers):
1.
2.
Most Significant Discovery (discoveries):
There are five characteristics that are required for a substance to be considered a mineral. Describe them.
Natural:
Solid:
Inorganic:
Specific chemical (elemental) composition:
Regular internal crystalline structure:
What are rocks?
How are minerals like fossils?
What are some of the common rock forming minerals?
How can the growth of a mineral be compared to the construction of a block wall?
Why is quartz harder than steel?
What is cleavage?
How does the cleavage of feldspar differ from the cleavage of mica?
What is one easy way to distinguish calcite from quartz?
What happens when you drop acid on a carbonate mineral (or rock)?
How deep in the crust
were the granitic rocks of the
Discuss diamonds and graphite. What makes them so different?
Discuss hydrothermal solutions and the precipitation of metallic minerals.
What is the origin of most hydrothermal solutions?
Discuss the formation of ore minerals.
Discuss the importance of the silicate minerals (this is very important)