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Pathway
4: Chapter 1 Homework/Study Pack |
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Part A: Significant
Figures Answers Projects
Required (Chapter 1): Project
#2 Measurement via Gasoline
Project
(due August 19th)
Part
A: Significant figures Sample Exam
Answers Answers
For a very detailed Explanetion of
Significant Figues in the Laboartory: Significant Digit
Animation: John
Suchocki Video:
Mobile/Cell Phone Link: http://bcove.me/xlhukfnu
Path
4 Part A Sample Exam Sample
Exam Answers: In the blank, state the number of significant
figures in each of the following measurements: ____1. 0.05 mL ____2. 250.0 cm ____3. 456,000,000 people _____4. 1000 g _____5. 0.00006500 moles _____6. 0.00200 kg _____7. 50 seconds _____8. 50.0 Seconds _____9. 50.00 Seconds _____10. 0.05 Seconds Part
B: Rounding Off & Arithmetic Operations of Sig. Figures Answers
Part B: Rounding Off
& Arithmetic Operations of Sig. Figures Answers Round off the following numbers to three
significant figures: (1) 1.598 x 106 =
_____________ (2) 0.000 000 484 500 = _________________ (3)
0.01045 = _______________ (4)
1.98754 X10-7 =
________________ Perform the following
addition/subtraction/multiplication/division operations and express the
answer using the proper units and significant figures: (5)
4 mL
16.3 mL + 0.953 mL (6) 376.5
mL - 76
mL (7)
16.5 cm X 1.7 cm (8) 12.0 g ÷
1.00 g = or 12.0 g / 1.00 g = (9)
9.2 cm X 9.20 cm
X 3.14 X 22.65cm
= (10)
(5398 cm3 – 2060.2 cm3) /16.8 cm3/sphere = Path
4 Chapter 2 Part C: Exponential Numbers and Scientific Notation Answers
John Suchocki Video:
Video 1.6 a. Scientific Notation (Conceptual Chemistry 5th
Appendix A) Path
4 Chapter 2 Part C: Exponential Numbers and
Scientific Notation Answers
Express the following ordinary numbers in
scientific notation (If greater than three significant figures, round off to
three significant figures: (1)
1,010,100,000,000, 000 =
________________ (2)
0.000 000 000 000 019 = ________________ (3)
456,789 = _________________ (4)
0.0001198 = _____________ (5)
1,000,000 = ______________ (6)
0.000200 = ______________ (7) Express the following products in exponential form 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 =
______________ (8) and use your calculator to calculate the
value: Value = ___________________ (9)
Express the following powers often notation: 1 x 100 = ______ 1 X 101=______ 1 x 10-1 = _________ (10) Express the ordinary number in
scientific notation in three significant figures: 60,230,000,000,000,000,000,000 = _______________________ Path 4 Part D: Metric System Basic
Units/Numerical Prefixes Answers John Suchocki Video:
Mobile/Cell Phone Link: http://bcove.me/bnei9533 Path 4 Chapter 1 Part D: Metric
System Basic Units/Numerical Prefixes Fill
in the blank with the proper basic unit or metric prefix, then in the parenthesis
put the unit’s or ____________( )
1. Basic unit of length in the metric system ____________( )
2. Basic unit of volume in the metric system ____________( )
3. Basic unit of mass in the
metric system (not SI) __________( )
4. Metric prefix which means 1/1000 of a unit __________( )
5. Metric prefix which means 1000 units __________( )
6. Metric prefix which means 1/100 of a unit __________( )
7. Metric prefix which means
1/10 of a unit __________( )
8. Metric prefix which means
1,000,000 units __________( ) 9.
Metric prefix which means 1/1000000 ( 10-6) of a unit __________( )
10. Metric Prefix which means 1/1000000000 ( 10-9) of a unit Metric Prefix Table: http://www.lsua.info/MetricSystem/MetricPrefix.html Metric System Animation: http://www.lsua.info/chem1001/Chap2-3Movies/metric.html Path 4 Chapter
1 Part E Metric Unit Factors Answers
Fill in the blank with the number which
completes the metric unit factor: (1)
__________mg = 1.000 g (2)
__________mg = 1.000 kg (3)
__________mL = 1.000 L (4)
__________cm = 1.000 m (5)
___________mL = 1.00 cm3 (6)
____________km = 1.000 m (7) ____________ g = 1
kg (8) ____________ cm = 1 dm (9) ___________ µL = 1 L (10) __________ nm = 1 m (11)
Write a unit equation for each of the following metric equivalents: (a) M and
Tm (b) L and mL (c) Bytes and Gbytes (a) Path 4
Chapter 1 Part F: Unit Analysis Problems
Online Dimensional Analysis Web Site &
Interactive DA Calculator: John Suchocki Video: Mobile/Cell Phone Link: http://bcove.me/anfsogbq Path 4 Chapter 1 Part
F: Unit Analysis Problems Answers Pretest #2 Ans2
Online
Site
(If greater than three significant figures
round off to three significant figures): Problem 1 An oxygen molecule
travels 975 mi/hr at room temperature. There are
5280 ft = 1 mi; 12 in = 1 ft,
Problem 2 If one gram is equal
to 15.4 grains. How many 5.00 grain aspirin tablets may be made from 1.00
kilogram of aspirin?
A parsec is the
distance light travels in 3.26 years. Given the velocity of light, 3.00 x 108
m/sec,
I have 1400 radio
programs I want to put on an Apple Ipod. Each
program requires 5 megabytes of disk space. Step
by Step Answers to Problems #1-#4: John Suchocki Video:
Mobile/Cell Phone Link: http://bcove.me/anfsogbq Additional Videos Online
Menu: http://www.fscj.me/chm1025/Video/Chapter2VideoMenu.html Additional Unit
Analysis Problems Problem 5 Problem 6 Problem 7 Problem 8 More Additional Unit
Analysis Problems Problem 9 How many
milligrams does a 0.750 carat diamond weigh? Problem 10 Problem 11 Setup and Answers to Problems
#1-#12: The
Ultimate Word Problem with too many numbers which are not needed: The True Story Now the Problem 12 Problem Reworded Problem
12 12. On July 23, 1983 Air Canada Flight
143, flying at 26,000 feet from Montreal to Edmonton, Setup and Answers to Problems #1-#12: |
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Path
4 Chapter 1 Part S: The Scientific Method
Good Flow Chart:
The
scientific method consists of:
- Observation
of an odd, unusual, interesting event.
- Developing
a hypothesis, a tentative
proposal of a scientific principle to explain the observation.
- Developing
a plan for making observations under
CONTROLLED conditions, conducting a planned experiment.
- Refining
the hypothesis after analysis of collected experimental data.
- Test
refined hypothesis with additional experimentation or altered
experimentation.
- If
sufficient evidence is gathered by repeated experimentation, the hypothesis,
if of a measurable mathematical relationship becomes a natural law.
Otherwise it remains a hypothesis.
- A
theory is proposed to explain in a broad sense a collection of natural
laws and hypothesis. The theory gives the best explanation at that point
for a grouping of natural laws and hypothesis
Theories are seldom finished and are generally refined
to a higher level of confidence as new data and better observation tools are
developed. As an example, the Greeks developed the first atomic theory and John
Dalton refined the theory as a hypothesis which has continued to be refined
into the current state of modern atomic theory. The scientific method is never
a finished process but one that is continuously improving the explanation of
nature’s behavior as methods and instruments improve.
Simple Scientific Method Steps (Corwin
7th)
Step 1: Perform a planned experiment,
make observations, and record data.
Step 2: Analyze the data and propose a
tentative hypothesis to explain the experimental observations.
Step 3: Conduct additional experiments
to test the hypothesis. If the evidence supports the initial proposal, the
hypothesis may become a scientific theory
•
After sufficient evidence, a hypothesis
becomes a scientific theory.
•
A natural law states a
measurable relationship.
Corwin’s Simple Scientific Method Flow
Chart:
Scientific Method Four Steps (Hein 15th)
Learning Chemistry
•
Different people learn chemistry
differently.
•
What do you see in the picture?
•
Some people see a vase on
a dark background; some people see two faces.
What Do You See? A Vase
or Two Faces
Chapter 1 Part S: The Nine Penny Problem (Background)
Over the
years the United States Ming has changed the ratio of different metals used in
making the various coins. The last
change for the penny occurred in 1982. It is estimated that there are 200
billion pennies in current circulation.
Following is a brief chronology of
the metal composition of the one-cent coin (penny):
- From
1793 to 1837, pure
copper.
- From
1837 to 1857,
bronze (95 percent copper, five percent tin and zinc).
- From
1857 to 1864, 88
percent copper and 12 percent nickel, giving the coin a whitish
appearance.
- From 1864 to 1962, bronze (95 percent copper, five percent tin and zinc).
Known as the wheat penny Mass 3.100
grams
- (In
1943, most cents were made of zinc-coated steel because of the critical
use of copper for the war effort. However, some copper pennies were minted
that year, known as the zinc penny.) Worth 10-13 cents circulated-A
student stole my 50 steel penny collection used for lab experiment.
- 1962
to 1982, 95
percent copper and 5 percent zinc (the tin was removed).Mass: 3.100 g
- Since
1982, 97.5 percent
zinc and 2.5 percent copper (copper-plated zinc). Cents of both
compositions appeared in the first year.
|
Current Penny:
|
Specifications: Composition: Copper-Plated Zinc: 2.5%
Cu, Balance: Zn 97.5 % Mass: 2.500 g Diameter: 0.750 in., 19.05 mm Thickness: 1.55 mm
Edge: Plain |
Legislation
In 1990, United States Representative Jim Kolbe (R-AZ) introduced the Price Rounding Act of 1989, HR 3761 to eliminate the penny in cash transactions, rounding to the nearest nickel.[3] In 2001, Kolbe introduced the Legal Tender Modernization Act of 2001, HR 5818,[4] and in 2006, he introduced the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation (COIN) Act, HR 5818.[5] While the bills received much popular support from the public, and therefore from their representatives, the bills were not made to law when Congress adjourned.[6] There are public pressures on many Representatives to reintroduce these bills to the legislature. One such example is the constituency of the 2nd District of Colorado, represented by Jared Polis.[7]
Arguments for elimination
- Production at a loss – As of 2015, it costs about 1.4 cents to mint a penny.[8] In 2007, the price of the raw materials from which it was made exceeded the face value, so there was a risk that coins were illegally melted down for raw materials.[9]
- Lost productivity and opportunity cost of use – With the median wage in the US being about $17 per hour in 2011,[10] it takes about two seconds to earn one cent. Thus, it is not worthwhile for most people to deal with a penny. If it takes only two seconds extra for each transaction that uses a penny, the cost of time wasted in the US is about $3.65 per person annually,[11] about $1 billion for all of the US.[12] Using a different calculation, economist Robert Whaples estimates a $900 million annual loss.[13] Additionally, Whaples argues that eliminating the penny would coax people into using $1-coins. The Federal Reserve says that replacing $1 bills with $1 coins would save an additional $500 million a year.[14]
- Limited utility – Pennies are not accepted by all vending machines or many toll booths, and pennies are generally not accepted in bulk. Pennies often end up sitting in jars or are thrown away and are not in circulation.[citation needed] Economist Greg Mankiw says that "The purpose of the monetary system is to facilitate exchange, but... the penny no longer serves that purpose."[15] Pennies are often discarded by consumers and the Mint must produce more of them than all other coins combined.[2]
- Prices would not be higher – Research by Robert Whaples, an economics professor at Wake Forest University, using data on nearly 200,000 transactions from a multi-state convenience store chain shows that rounding would have virtually no effect. Consumers would gain a tiny amount – about 1⁄40¢ or $0.00025 per transaction.[16]
- Elimination would not hurt the poor[17] – Given that rounding is neutral at the transaction level, and that cash transactions are faster without having to deal with extremely low-value coins, people who disproportionately deal in cash transactions might be helped more by elimination of the penny.
- Historical precedents – There has never been a coin in circulation in the US worth as little as the penny is worth today, although currently other countries have coins with less purchasing power in circulation. Due to monetary inflation, a nickel (5-cent piece) in 2007, was worth approximately what a penny was worth in 1972.[18] When the United States discontinued the half-cent coin in 1857, it had a 2010-equivalent buying power of 11 cents.[19][20] After 1857, the new smallest coin was the cent, which had a 2010-equivalent buying power of 23 cents.[20] The nickel fell below that value in 1974; the dime (at 10 cents) fell below that value in 1982; the quarter (at 25 cents) fell below that value in 2013.[18][20]
- Zinc toxicity – Zinc can cause fatal anemia or gastric ulceration in pets that inadvertently ingest pennies made after 1982.[21]
Arguments for preservation
- Consumers and the economy – Research commissioned by the zinc lobby and its front group Americans for Common Cents concludes that were the penny to be eliminated, consumers might be hit with a "rounding tax". The paper stated that rather than eliminate the penny, it could make more sense to change the composition of the penny to a cheaper metal than zinc if the costs of zinc do not come down and there continues to be a significant loss per penny.[22]
- Popular support – A poll conducted June 9–11, 2006, by USA Today/Gallup, found that 55% of the American public considered the penny to be a useful coin, while 43% of those surveyed were in favor of abolishing the coin.[23]
- Increased cost – A report by Navigant Consulting commissioned by Jarden Zinc, which supplies zinc to the Mint, found that the government would lose money without the penny. According to Americans for Common Cents' website, "First, the Mint's fabrication and distribution costs include fixed components that will continue to be incurred whether or not the Mint produces the penny. Navigant estimates this fixed component at $13 million in FY 2011. Plus, there is $17.7 million in Mint overhead allocated to the penny that would have to be absorbed by the remaining denominations of circulating coins without the penny. Second, under current Mint accounting, the nickel costs eleven cents to manufacture. In a scenario where nickel production doubled without the penny, Navigant concludes that with existing fixed costs, eliminating the penny would likely result in increased net costs to the Mint of $10.9 million, relative to the current state."[24][25]
- Rounding hurts the poor – Millions of transactions are conducted each day in the US economy, and with 26% of Americans either not having savings or checking accounts or relying on payday lending services, there are many cash transactions taking place involving American citizens each day. Federal Reserve studies have shown that people with relatively low incomes use cash more frequently than individuals with higher incomes. Since only cash transactions will be subject to rounding, any move to eliminate the penny may hurt "unbanked" Americans who have no other option and lack the means to make non-cash transactions.[26] Though, Canada's elimination of the penny would round cash transactions both up and down. [27]
Nine
Penny Problem with The Two Pan Balance:
You have nine pennies. Eight of the pennies are post 1982 dated, therefore
they weight 2.500 grams eash.
You have one penny with a 1974 mint date and it weighs
3.100 grams.
You need to design and write
the directions for an experiment on how you would use the above balance to find
100% of the time, the heavier 1974 penny:
1.Write the directions below as steps Only what is the number
of weighing needed in your this procedure below:
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
Step 6:
Step 7:
Step 8:
How many weighing would use
use maximum to sove the problem:
One Two Three
Four Five
2. Now rewrite the experiment so that it will take a
different Number of weighings
Write the directions below as
steps Only what is minimal needed) in you procedure:
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
Step 6:
Step 7:
Step 8:
How many weighing would use
use maximum to sove the problem:
One Two
Three Four Five
3. Now try to rewrite the experiment so that it will take a
different Number of weighings than #1 or #2
Path 4: Chapter 2
Part S: Scientific Method Sample Test
A.
State Three Steps in the Scientific Method according by the Corwin Text:
1.
2.
3.
Fill
in the words on the Corwin Simple Scientific Method Flow Chart
B. State Four Steps in the Scientific Method according
by the Hein Text:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fill
in the words on the Hein Simple Scientific Method Flow Chart
•
Connect the dots using only four
straight lines.
Experiment
until
you find a solution
•
Connect the dots using only four
straight lines.
•
Experiment until you find a solution.
•
Did you have to use five straight
lines?
•
No matter which dot we start with, we
still need five lines.
Path 4 Chapter 1 Part V: Chapter 1
Vocabulary
The following Chapter Vocabulary terms may be found at the end of Chapter 1:
Summer of Terms page 19.
Fill
in the blank(s) with the word that best fits the definition (Chapter 1
1. ___________________ A type of research that focuses on developing
applications of knowledge
gained through basic research.
2. ___________________ A type of research that leads us to a greater
understanding of how the natural world operates.
3. ___________________ The study of matter and the transformations it
can undergo.
4. ___________________Something
agreed upon by competent observers as being true.
5. ___________________
Anything that has mass and
occupies space.
6. ___________________ An area where we engineer materials by manipulating
individual atoms or molecules.
7. _______________________A testable explanation for an observable phenomenon.
8. ___________________ A formal statement of a scientific hypothesis that has
been
repeatedly tested and supported by
experimental data. Also known as a principle.
9. ___________________ A
well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations within the
natural world
Additional vocabulary terms
not in the Chapter 1 Summary:
10___________________A
scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or
demonstrate a known fact.
11. ___________________ is a systematic
investigation of nature and requires proposing an explanation for the results
of an experiment in the form of a general principle
Part Z. Conceptual Chemistry Spotlight:
Chapter 1: Global Climate Change
Reference::
http://www.numericana.com/answer/weighing.htm#birthday
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/False_Coin_Problem.gif
